Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Tāpiri Injekihana Karakara me ōna Tūtohunga

Rangahau me te Kōpiko: Te Waihanga i te Āhua Matua o te Wāhanga

Te Tūnga o te Rangahau: Te Whakataunga i te Mataaho o waho o te Wāhanga

Ko te ranga paraka te mea e hanga ana i te āhua o waho o te wāhanga piriti kua oti, tae atu ki ngā taipitopito mātai e kitea ana e ngā kiritaki. Ina uru te piriti māmā ki roto ki te pepa, ko tēnei wāhanga kaupapa maroke e whakahaere ana i te maroke o te mata, e pupuri ana i te āhua tika, me te pupuri i ngā rahi taurite i te hauora o te whakaputa. Ko te hoahoa pai o te paraka e āwhina ana i te aukati i ngā raruraru pērā i ngā tohu kurutu kei hea ka pakaru mai te matū, te māmā kei te pēra ngā wāhanga, me te parirau e hanga ana i te matū hoki ki ngā tapa. Ko te ara e paingia ai te pēhi taurite me te whakahaere i te wera e mahi ana i te rerekētanga katoa i konei. Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā matū he take o te aha e taea ai te tū ki te wareware me te tino āhua mārie. Kei te nuinga o ngā toihanga ka whiriwhiri mō ngā paraihe tapa kua whakakaha ēnei rā. Mō ngā rorohenga whakaputa ōrite, ka tino pai te paraihe P20. Engari menā me tīmata tētahi mea kaha ake mō ngā tikanga uaua pēnei i te nuinga o ngā wehenga, ka tuanui te H13 hei kowhiringa. E kōrerotia ana ētahi take motuhake i ngā putanga paraihe mirihau, ina nui ake ina mahi ana ki ngā rākau pērā i te PVC, i ērā rānei e āwhina ana i ngā retaikana korematea e koretake ana pea i te paraihe noa i te wā.

Te Āhua o te Core e Pā Ana ki te Hōhonutanga o te Āhua

Ko te core e noho ana ki te taha oposite o te cavity, ā, ka hangaia ngā taipitopito o roto pēnei i ngā ruawa, ngā kōpae, ngā tapo, me ngā undercuts e whakatauana ai pea te arataki o te mahi me te tūhono o te wāhanga i te wā e hui tahi ana. He nui te take o te tika o te rāranga o te core me te cavity, nā te mea ka aukati tēnei i te āhua mōrearea e māhere ana, ā, ka pupuri i ngā pātiki o te wāhanga kia ōrite te nekenga. Ina heke koe ki ngā hoahoa herenga, ko te whakamahi i ngā core takitahi e whakamāmā ai te mahi panonitanga, ā, e tuku ana i ngā kaihoahoa kia whakarerekē i ā rātou whakaaro kore anuanu te hānganga i te perehana katoa. Ko te maruaroa nei ka tuku tētahi pikinga ki ngā kaiwhakanao i ngā kaupapa āhuatanga āhuatanga penei i ngā kaupapa tārairopito paku e huri haere ana.

Te Whiriwhiringa Mātai me te Whakapakari i ngā Bureka Cavity me te Core

Ko te hinu tapana anō te kingi ina eke ana ki te hanga i ngā rite me ngā papa kore, nā te mea e noho tika ana ngā matēraia nei i waenganui i te māmā o te hākinakina, i tō rātou kaha i te rohe 48 ki te 54 HRC, me te aha pea i te pēhea te mau i te wera. Ina whiriwhiri ana i te hinu tika, me mātai ngā kaihanga i ētahi take e hāngai ana katoa. Tuatahi ko te momo paraiharai e whakamahia ana – kei ētahi he tino kākati, kei ētahi ka whawhai ki te metara kimikime. Kātahi ka titiro ki te maha o ngā wā e hāngai ana i mua i te wareware o te rite. Tuhia ko H13, e taea e tēnei te kaha ki te nuinga ake i te haurua miriona o ngā wā e hāngai ana. He mea nui anō ngā īngoa wera nā te mea e hiahiatia ana ētahi tere mātātoko mō te mātātoko i te wera mō ētahi paraiharai. Kia pērā ai ngā rite kia roa ake te ora, ka hiahia ki ngā mātai mata. Ko ngā tikanga pērā i te nitriding, i te whakaputa i tētahi rākau iti o te titanium nitride hei tiaki i ngā raru pērā i te paraiharai e pā ana ki te mata o te rite, i te wareware e hua ana i ngā kāhui kōpae e āhua ana ki te paraiharai.

Tolerances Tika ki te Whakauru-Whakapainga

Ko te whakauru iti ake i te hekemita i waenganui i te karuwha me te painga he mea nui mō ngā rama tikanga tikanga. Ko te kore whakauru e piki ake i te 0.005 mm e mātau ana te kore ōrite o te raina wehe, te tino rahi o te rārangi, me te wareware māmā o te rama. Ko ngā tikanga paerewa a te ahumāra ko:

Māna ngā pūnaha e pupuri ana i te anga tūwāhi i te wā o te māmā me te whakapakari — he mea nui kia taea ai te tika o ngā rahi i runga i ngā huinga roa.

Ngā Pūnaha Rēhita me ngā Tiriti: Te whakahaere i te rereketanga o te matapae me te urunga

Sprue, Rēhita, me te Tiriti: Te ara o te pāpaku paraihe

Ko te punaha kawe, e whai ana i te sprue, ngā kaiwhakawhiti, me ngā takotoranga, kei te mahi pēnei i te huinga ara tere mō te paraihe rere ki roto i te karu. Ina rite ana ngā kaiwhakawhiti hei porowhita tonu me ngā tapuwae maeneene, ā, ka āwhina i te waihanga i te arorau pai ake. Ka heke ngā raru e hua ana e ngā kaha tāpoka, me te hau pouaka e taea ai e te hanga i ngā raina herehere kino, i ngā wāhi kore noa rānei e mōhiotia ana hei tīmatanga poto. Ko te hoahoa pai o ēnei punaha e wehe ana i ngā wāhi mate e noho ana ai te paraihe roa rawa atu. Ko ngā wā noho poto ake, ko te iti ake te tūponotanga o te paraihe e pakaru haere ana i te wā. Kua ripoata ētahi kaihanga i te heke haere o ngā taonga kore e tata ana ki te whakakoretanga tōtika ina whakarārangihia ngā punaha whanaketia ki ngā hoahoa tawhito kāore i te taurite.

Ngā Punaha Runner Makariri vs. Wera: Te Hamuritanga me te Heke Haere i ngā Taonga Kore

Ko ngā pūnaha kaiwhanga hotoi tō te karaihe e pupuhi ana i ngā taputapu hotoi me ngā paraihe, nō reira kāore he mātai pūpahi totohu e mahi ana. Kaitekau ēnei pūnaha i te wā takirua ki hea rānei 12 ki te 30% nā te wehenga o te wā hotoitanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā kaiwhanga makariri noa. E ai ki tēnā, ko ngā kaiwhanga hotoi ngā kōwhiringa pai ake ina hangaia ngā kōwae nui, i te wā e mahi ana ki ngā karaihe inihua motuhake e pāngia ana kino e ngā panonitanga o te wāhi hotoi i te wā roa. I te taha arataki, ko ngā kaiwhanga makariri he whakaurunga tino māma ake, me te utu iti ake i te timatanga, engari he waihanga 15 ki te 40% i muri i ia takirua hanganga, ā, ka roa ake te wā katoa. Ahakoa rā, e nui ana ngā kaihanga e mau tonu ana ki ngā kaiwhanga makariri mō ngā mahi tauira tere, i ngā kōwae iti i reira e kore e herekore te moni nui ki ngā taputapu motuhake.

Ngā Momo Kāwai Whakapipi: Kāwai Toto, Tapa, Raro, me ngā Kāwai Parirau

Ko te kōwhiringa momo tatau e nui ana te whai hua ki te āhua, ki te mahi, me te roa o te wā e mau ai te wāhi mutunga. Me wehe pakari ake. Ko ngā tatau pini he mea pai mō ngā wāhanga iti e hiahiatia ana te tikanga. Ko ngā tatau tapa he mea tūmau hei hoahoa i te rere o te matapae ki ngā tapa o ngā wāhanga, ā, ka nui ake te māmā o te tapahi i muri i te whanaketanga. He āhuatanga hou a ngā tatau pēneiti, arā, ko te mea ka tapahia ake i te wā o te tahumaero, nō reira kāore he tohu nui i te mata e nui ake ana. Ka pakaru ake ngā tatau karuwhā i runga i ērā pūtau parurenga, ahakoa he wā hiato ka waiho ētahi mahi pakari. A ko tētahi mea nui e mārama ana ngā kaihanga: me noho ia hoahoa tatau i roto i ētahi rohe e hāngai ana ki te momo pāpaku e whakamahia ana. Mākaro kaha ki ngā matapae pēra i te polycarbonate, PEEK, ka tiro atu koe ki ngā raruraru pēra i te panonitanga o te tae, tae atu ki te whakaraupatu kimikimi ki te hanganga parurenga ake.

Wāhi Takotoranga o te Tīwai me ngā Whakapae Aheitanga-tauira

Ko te tika i te wāhi o te tīwai he kimi i te wāhi pai e noho ana ana i waenganui i te kaha o te hanganga me te āhua o te wāhanga. Ko ngā tīwai hanganga ka whakaputangia ki ngā wāhi piko kia aukati i ngā tohu pōkai me te whakapau kia ū tonu te taraiwa. Ko ngā tīwai ātaahua ka whakaputangia ki ngā wāhi kāore e kitea ana pērā i raro i ngā mata, kei ngā wāhi hono, i ngā tūanuku atu anō engari kia kaua e kino ki te rere o te matā. Āta hoki ngā tau e whakaatu nei. I te ripoata a ASM International, ko te 68% pea o ngā ngohekohe o ngā mata e huri ana mai i ngā whiringa tīwai kino. Nō reira e mātara ana ētahi kaihanga inaianei ki ngā whakamātau rere rerekē 3D. Ka mau ēnei taputapu i ngā raru i te tīmatanga, ka whakaatu i ngā rārangi tuhinga, ngā wāhi pēhi, me ngā raru pōkai mua i te timatanga o te hanga i ngā mātā mō ngā huinga whakaputa.

Te Itiwhana i te Tohu Tīwai i te Whakaputanga Rino Rereke

Kia mōhiotia ai ngā tohu kuaha mōrearea e kino ana i te āhua o ngā wāhanga hanga, me whakakōhatu ngā kaihanga i ngā arataki tukanga mātau me te hoahoa taputapu pai. Ka āwhina te pupuri i ngā wāhi pāmahana karaka, tōtahi i roto i te rerekētanga 2 niuira Celsius, kia kaua ai he raru pērā i te pūmahana mōrearea, i te pānga tōkai hoki. Ka tāwhai ai te huri i te āhua o ngā kuaha ki ētahi anō hekeke, he rango rānei, kia māmā ake te tango i muri i te hanganga. He pai ake hoki ngā kuaha nui ake, kia noho tonu rātou i roto i ngā roa tōkai haumaru, nā te mea ka iti ake ngā raru whitening pā ki ētahi matērahi mātātoko. Mō ngā wāhanga e nui ake ana te nuinga o te āhua, ka taea te whakapai ake mā te paraihe, kia iti ake i te 0.05 mirimita te rōrangi, e kore e kitea e te karu tangata. Ko te taumata nei o te taunakitanga he mea matua matua mō ngā hua e hāpaitia ana e ngā kaihoko. I hua hoki te hangarau rātā i tēnei wāhi, i iti ake te mahi ā-ringa ki te haurua i ētahi wā, he uara tino nui ina hāpai ana i ngā kuaha iti kē ki ngā wāhanga tikanga e kore ai e taea e ngā tikanga tuku iho.

Whakakōwhiti me te Whakawātea: Te Whakanui i te Wā Mātai me te Whakawātea i te Wae

Ngā Kanohi Matua o ngā Ara Whakakōwhiti ki roto i te Pēra Tāpiri Hiri

Ko te whakaritenga o ngā ara kōpūkai pea e hāngai ana i te rerekētanga nui ake ina ngākaunui koe ki te iti iho i ngā wā karawhiti me te whakanuia i te kounga o ngā wāhanga. Ko te tikanga pai he arataki i ēnei ara pātata ki te āhua ake o te wāhanga, ā, ina nui ake ngā wāhi, engari kia tūpato hoki kia kaua ngā rīwhi tāpoko, ngā taputapu whakangungu, i ētahi atu wāhanga matua o te hanganga mātātoko e pā ai. Ina tangoia te wera i te mātātoko i te āhua kotahi, ka āwhina i te aukati i ngā raruraru pakuwekawe me te kōwaro e māmā ai ngā hua kua oti. Ka huri ētahi kaihanga ki ngā matatini paruhi i te nuinga i te paruhi taputapu, nā te mea kei te pai ake te haere wera. Ka taea e ēnei paruhi paruhi, pērā i te Glidcop, AMPCO rānei, te tuku wera i te 40% tere ake i ngā kowhiringa tīmatanga. He rerekētanga nui tēnei mō ētahi paruhi uaua pērā i te PPS, ngā paruhi papamātārangi rānei e hiahiatia ana te whakahaere wera tika i te wā o te whanaketanga.

Te Kōpūkai Taurite Mā te Whanaketanga Tāpiritia

Ki te mātai 3D huri noa ana ngā ara whakamau e arataki ana i te āhua pono o te wāhanga engari kāore i te rite ki te ruarua i ngā takotoranga tawhito. Arataki ana tēnei kia kaua ake ngā wāhi wera e hua ana i te wā o te hanganga, ā, ka heke ngā wā whakamau mai i te 25% ki te 70% mō te tikanga tawhito. Ko te ara e hoahoa ana ai ēnei ara kei te āwhina i te pupuri i te tika ake o ngā nekeneke me ngā mata pai ake, ītikangia rawa atu ina mahi ana ki ngā wāhanga e whai āhua kīrehe ana, āhua matatini rānei. Ahakoa, kei te tino nui tonu te utu tuatahi mō ngā rēhita iti, engari ka huri tere pea ngā mea ina uru ana ngā kaihanga ki ngā rēhitatanga nui ake e nui ake ai te tika. Ina kotahi anō te hēkona e tūpono ana, ā, kotahi anō te wāhanga pai e tūpono ana ki te putake, ka timata te penapena tērā i runga i te wā.

Mōhiohio Raraunga: Ko te Whakamau e 60% te Taima Kōwhiringa

Ko te whakamararatanga wera te mea nui rawa atu i roto i te huringa whakahāngai werohanga — tata ki te 60% o te wā katoa. Nā te mea ko te whakapakeketanga e whai ana i te ahupūngao kua mārama pai (e whakahaerehia ana e te matotoru o te wāhanga me te horapa wera), kāore e taea te whakateretere i te whakamatao ki tua atu i ngā rohe rauemi. Nā tēnā ka waiho te hoahoa hongere atamai — ehara i te mīhini tere ake — hei taputapu tino whai hua mō te arotau huringa.

Ngā Karu Tāpāki, Ngā Kārea, me ngā Tāpāki e Paki ana

Ko te tika i ngā pūnaha whakaputa he whakamahi i te kaha e hiahiatia ana kia whakaputa i ngā wāhanga kaua ko ngā tohu, kaua hoki te pirau. Ko ngā karu ejection ka mahi pai ake ina tāwhai ana i ngā wāhi e iti ake ana te nuinga o te āhua. Mō ngā wāhi herenga kei roto i ngā rāwekenga, āwhina ngā kārewa motuhake ki te pupuri i ngā wāhanga core māmā, ā, wāia hoki ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia ana ngā ara roa, penei i te paku kia puta noa ai. Ko ngā paparanga strip he wāhanga matua anō, ina nui noa mō ngā mea pērā i ngā kōpae paraihe māripi, i ngā wāhanga tapawhā nui e hiahiatia ana te whakamahere māmā i te wā o te tango. Ina mahi tahi ēnei wāhanga e horo ana te rāwekenga, ka arrengia te hanga o ngā pokapoka hau, ā, ka tū tonu te putanga o ngā mea katoa kaua ko te kink. Ko te tika o te takotoranga o ngā mahi e whakarerekē ana i waenganui i te rere tino pai me te tautohe me ngā wāhanga pouaka e hiahiatia ana te mahi atamira kia tika.

Te Aukati i te Pirau i te Wā o te Whakaputa me te Draft Tika

Ko te tika i ngā āngira pūpahi ki waenganui i te 0.5 me te 3 neahe e hāngai ana kia puta ai ngā wāhanga mā te pūpahi. Mēnā kāore ngā āhuatanga pūpahi tika ki ngā mata poutū, ka piki ake pea ngā kaha tātoko e toru ngā wā, arā he raru nui pea ka mutu kia mate ngā mata, ka pakaru rānei ngā tauwā. He mea matua whai hua tēnei mō ngā matapae pīroiroi e para ana tere, e paripari ana anō hoki nui ake i te maroke, hei whakamārama ko te nyloin ki te taruhi, ko ētahi momo polyethylene rānei. Mō te katoa e mahi ana ki te whakauru ā-ringa ā-tiriti, kāore te pūpahi he mea tāpiri kaua i te wā mutunga. Ko ngā inije kua hanga ia tika ki aua āhuatanga poutū mai i te rā tuatahi. Ka reri hoki rātou i ngā whakaritenga, ka tiro hoki ki te mahi tahi o te puna tātoko me te aha e hua ana ki ngā momo pīroiroi rerekē i te wā e maroke ana, e taunahitia ana rātou.

Ngā Mahi Taha, Ngā Hekenga, me ngā Wero Whanaketanga

Kia Waho Rānei i ngā Hekenga i ngā Tauwā Tā Tōmuri

He mea nui ngā papa hōukiuki ka tū ake te āhua o te waeine i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tātai whakauru — ngā ruwa, ngā kipu, ngā pakari, i ngā waewae anuanu — e kore e taea te hanga mā ngā takotoranga tika. Nekehana anō ratou i mua i whakatupeka, hangaia te āhuatanga, ka reka atu kia taea ai te wehenga o te waeine. E whakaaetia ana ngā papa hōukiuki ina:

• E tū ake ana ngā āhuatanga maha tētahi waeine
• Kāore te drauti e whakatika ai te āhua (hei tauira, ngā waewae anuanu 90°)
• Ka tautoheke te rahi o te whakaputa i te herenga herenga taputapu me te tiaki

Gibbs, Heels, me ngā Karu Kuku: Tautoko i ngā Mahi Taha

E toru ngā waeine matua e whakarite ana i te whakapono me te roa o te ora o te papa hōukiuki:

• Gibbs : Ngā paparinga arataki maitai paraihe kia mau te āronga me te kino ki te wareware
• Heels : Ngā rite tūtaki i hangaia kia taea ngā pēhanga inihini e 15,000 PSI
• Ngā karu karu : Ngā kaiwhakahaere āngiru ka huri i te nuinga tuarangi o te mōhiotia ki te haerenga whakapaerenga horizonti tika

I te mea kua umukore tika (48–52 HRC) me te hinu, ka taea e ēnei wae wae te noho 500k+ mā te pupuri i te whakamātau i te rahi o te micron.

Tautohe Tautohe: Te Whakapono a Slide vs. Te Hiranga o te Mōhiotia

Mā ngā papa hōuki ka whiwhi ngā kaihoahoa i te mārama, engari ko te mutunga marino he wāhi e tūpono ana ngā raru. E ai ki ngā tau o te ahumahi, kei te 35% te tapeke o te wā kua pau i te mātai mōrearea e hua mai ana i ngā raru ki ngā papa hōuki, pērā i te pakaru, te wareware, i te wehe atu rānei i te āhua. He kaihoahoa etahi e whakatakoto ana kia maama ake ngā waeine kia kaua hoki kia hōuki i ngā waeine. Ka tohua rātou ki ngā rangahau i kore ai te mātai o ngā mātai umanga e 20%, ā, nō reira i te 42% iti ake ngā hinganga. Ahakoa, ina tae mai ki ngā mea tino tikanga pērā i ngā taputapu hauora, ngā karu mō ngā kamupene, i ngā waeine mō ngā rererangi rānei, kāore e taea te whakakapi i ngā papa hōuki. Kāore he mea nui ake i te whakakore i ēnei, engari ko te mea nui kia hangaia tika i te tīmatanga ki ngā matū kaha, me te whakahaere i ngā tirohanga me te tiaki tonu i te roanga o te wā ora.

Whakawhitinga Hau me te Tāpae: Hei Tikanga Mō Te Kounga me Te Tango i te Mātai

Whakawhitinga Iti Kaha Ki Te Whakakore i Ngā Tohu Pika me Ngā Taputapu Hau

Ko ngā karu iti noa he ara penei, e waikura ana i waenganui i te 0.015 ki te 0.025 mm, e takotoria ana i ngā rārangi wehe, tata ki ngā takutai, i tātahi ki ngā karu tāpoka. Āwhina ēnei tohu iti kia puta ai te hau ka paua i te wā e kīia ana te karu pouri. Mēnā kāore ēnei karu, ka nui haere te wera o te hau ka paua, i tētahi wā e 400 nekenga Celsius, ka raru te hua paruparu. Ka hua mai ngā tohu kiko, ngā wāhi taiapa roto i ngā wae, i ngā wāhi i kore ai te hua e kīia tika. He mea nui kia tika ngā wāhi o ngā karu kia kaua ai ēnei karu hau e hangaia ana. Ka taea hoki e ēnei karu hau te whakaroa i te kaha o te wae, me te kino i te āhua ake o te mata. Mō ngā wae pakari he iti te anuanu, me ngā tikanga tino here, ka nui ake te take nā te mea ka mārama ake ngā herenga, ka uaua ake hoki.

Ngā Kona Whānui me tō rātou Tūtohi ki te Tatauranga Pāki

Ngā ānga kei ngā wāhanga, e 1 ki te 3 kīraro noa iho engari he wa ka piki ake ki te 5 kīraro mō ngā matūtūpia e pēra ana me te poilitēaina, poiporihina e paku ana tō rātou rahi, ka āwhina i ngā taha tuarangi kia whai āngai ai kia iti ake te hiko whena i te wehe i te wāhanga mai i te mātai. Ina kāore ēnei āngai herehere e tino pai ana, e whā ngā wā te kaha e hiahiatia ana e te māhinī hei wehe i te wāhanga, ā, ko ngā wā tono e pau ai te mahi e 15% ki te 25% ake. Anō, ka wareware haere ngā mātai, ā, ko ngā wāhanga e matea ana anō. He nui anō ngā tāngata e whakaarohia ana i te āngai herehere hei mea anake hei āwhina i te wehenga o ngā wāhanga, engari ko te mea he tāpoi noa iho ia i ngā takotoranga taketake o te hoahoa mātai pai me āhua whakaaro ki te tīmatanga tonu o te whanaketanga o te hua.

Te Paradox Ahumāra: Te Whakauru Hau Kua Pakaru i ngā Mātai Matatau

Kua warewaretia te whakawhitinga hau hoki i ngā totohu matatau nā te mataku o te tangata kei pīroiroi ai, kei kino ai rānei te āhua o te mata. Engari ko te mea: ko te hau tuharu e whakapae ana i te toru tekau mā rua o ngā raru mōhio, ā, ka kai i te tērahi i te wā roa, arā atu ki ngā panonitanga tini ake me ngā utu hikina ake. Ina mahi ana i ngā wāhanga ā-ahurea e hiahiatia ana kia iti ake i te 0.1 mirimita, kāore anō te whakawhitinga hau tika hei mea noa iho. Me whakauru kia pai ai te mahi, kia tika ngā wāhanga, kia roa atu ai te ora o ngā totohu utu nui.

FAQ

He aha ngā matērihi e whakamahia ana mō ngā poro kāpia me ngā poro takotoranga i ngā totohu?

Ko ngā tērahi tapahi kaha pērā i te P20 me te H13 e whakamahia ana mō ngā kāpia me te takotoranga nā te pūkenga me te āheinga ki te tautoko i te wera. Whakamahia ana te tērahi mātau ina mahi ana ki ngā rāpene hamumu.

He aha ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā punaha rere haukōtu me ngā punaha rere wera?

Ko ngā pūnaha kaiwhakawhiti makariri he whakamārama ake me te iti ake te utu engari he nui ake te para. Ko ngā pūnaha kaiwhakawhiti wera he iti ake ngā wā huringa me te para engari he nui ake te utu i te tīmatanga.

Me pēhea e whakapai ake ai ngā ara kākāriki rite i te tikanga whakakī i te mātai?

Ka whakapai ake ngā ara kākāriki rite i te kounga kākāriki mā te arataki i te āhua o te wāhanga, e horoi ana i ngā wāhi wera me ngā wā huringa.

He aha ngā wero matua o te whakamahi i ngā papa hōua i te hoahoa mātai?

Ka tapaia e ngā papa hōua te whakamārama me ngā raru pea mō te whakauru me te ware, engari he mea matua nui ki ngā wāhanga e whai anuanu ana i ngā āhua.