Kōwhiringa Matū mō ngā Wāhanga Pāpaku: Whakapūkenga me te Whakamahinga Uara

I te whakaputa i te pāpaku, ko te whiriwhiri i ngā tāpoi tika mō ngā wāhanga tārua ko te whakatau pono e pa ana ki te mahi whakaputa, te kounga hua, me te moni hau mai i te wā roa. Me whiriwhiria te tāpoi tika kia tōia ai te āwhai—kia taea ai e te tārua te eke panuku—me te whai moni, kia kaua e wātea ngā utu kāore he hua. Ko ia tāpoi he āhua ōna anō, he paku paku hoki, nō reira ko te mea nui kia āta tūhono ngā kaihanga ki ā rātou anō hiahia i mua i te whakatau.

Ngā Pātīti Hōu: Ngā Kainoho Tārua

Ko te hinu te matū whakamahia nui ake i te wāhi e whai ana i ngā kaihanga pāpaku, nā tana whakapāwhara tino pai me te whanui o ngā whakamahinga e taea ai te whakamahi i ngā wāhi maha. Hinu kua whakatūngia i mua (pērā i te P20 me te 718H) ko te kōwhiringa rongonui mō ngā whakaputanga kōpae. E whai ana i te kaha o te kūmara e tuku ana i te kaha o te kūmara, e āki ai te roa o te wā e taea ai te whakaputa i ngā maha o ngā hua. Ko te tikanga tēnei e āki ana i te whakapāpaku i ngā pāpaku noa pērā i te polupurupene, e whakamahia ana i ngā hua katoa o te rā. Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua ko te utu tōna, e whai ana i te whakamāmātanga o te whakapāwhara, e āki ai te whakaiti i ngā utu tuatahi. Ko te tikanga tēnei he kōwhiringa tino pai mō ngā kaihanga iti ki te waenganui e hiahiatia ana e koe te matū tūturu kāore e nui te utu.

Mō te whakaputanga kaha, i reira e whakamahia ana te pāpaku i te wā roa i te wā tapawhā, hinu kaha-te-kūmara (pērā i te H13 me te S136) ka tū a te atamira. Kua whakawhitinga ngā taupiri nei i te whakapai ahi kia paku kaha ake ai, e āwhina ai i a rātou kia pakanga ki te whakapā me te kōhatu tere. Anō hoki ina hanga i ngā tino uaua ake pērā i ngā pāpaku tāpapa hiriwa, he uaua ki te hanga i ngā pāpaku, ka pakari tonu te kōhatu kaha. Ko te S136, i te tuanui, ka rerehua mai i tana whakapai ake i te whakapai, e tika ana kia hanga i ngā pāpaku mō ngā wāhanga pāpaku pērā i ngā pāpaku wai, kei hea te mata parurenga me te mārama te mutunga he mea matua. Ahakoa he utu kaha ake te kōhatu kaha i te kōhatu kua whakapaihia i mua me te hiahiatia kia whakamahi i ngā tikanga hanga motuhake, ko tana āheinga ki te rite ki te tino nui o ngā mōwekenga e heke iho ai ngā utu mo te roa kia iti ake te maha o ngā wā e whakakapi ai i ngā pāpaku.

Ko te Paraihe: Ko te Paraihe me te Nui Moni mo ngā Kaupeka Iti

Ko ngā taupiri paraihe (kei te whai kapa i te 7075 me te 6061) kei te hōhonu ake i te ahumoni, ā, he tino whakamahinga mo te whakaputa iti me te tātai. Ko ā rātou āhuatanga matua kei te whakaputanga tere —he tere ake i te kohatu tōka—and he iti ake ngā utu matāpuna. E ai ki tēnei, ko te paraihe tōka he nuinga pai hei whakaputa i ngā kōpaki mō ngā rōpū iti iti, mō te whakamātau i ngā hoahoa hōu, ina he mea matua nui te tere ki te maakete hei kaha ake i ngā kaiwhakataetae. Ko te māmā o te paraihe tōka e āwhina ana i te whakahaere me te whakauru i ngā kōpaki, e taea ai te pepenga wā me te kaha i te wā o te whakaputa.

Heoi anō, ko te iti ake o te hāngaitanga o te parika tērā i te hinu e herea ana i tana roa o te ora. Ko te nuinga o te wā e pakaru ana i te maha iti ake o ngā whakamātau, e kore ai e tika ana hei whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakapāhunu, i ngā wā hui whakangao hoki kei te whakamahia tonu te pāpaku. Hei whakamau i tēnei uara, ko te tikanga ka whakakīia ngā wāhanga parika ki ngā rāwekenga pērā i te whakapai ake i te hāngaitanga o te mata, te whakakī rānei ki te nikirī. Āwhina ēnei rāwekenga ki te roa ake i te ora o ngā wāhanga parika heoi anō hoki ka whakapā atu i te ōrau o ngā utu matāpuna. Ahakoa tēnei, mō ngā whakamātau poto me te tūhono, ko ngā painga o te parika e nui ake ana i ngā utu hui atu o ēnei rāwekenga.

Ngā Pīroiti Kōpara: Te Kawenga o te Whakaputa i te Wera Mō te Whakamaru Tere

Ko ngā pīroiti kōpara (pērā i te kōpara beryllium me te kōpara chrome) e rereke ana ki ngā whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana te wera whakawehenga uhi ko te here matua. Ko te kawe ake o te wera he tino ake ake i te kaha o te mātā, arānei ka taea e kē te nekehanga i te wera mai i te wāhanga hangaia tūturu ake. Ka āwhina i te āhuatanga nei kia tere ake ai ngā mōhoni whakakī, e iti ana i te wā hōu e hiahiatia ana—ka tāroa, ina ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā kauta waka, kei hea te whakakī he mahi tino roa. Ko te karu whakarewa (BeCu) he pai hoki te kaha ki te karo i te whakamahinga, e āki ai i te maha o ngā mōhoni hui, e whai hua ana i ētahi wā kei te kaha o te whakamahinga.

Ko te utu o ngā pāmahana pāpaku he utu nui ake. Ko te pāmahana beryllium he nui ake te utu i te hinu. I runga i taua, ko tana whakamahinga he noho ki ngā wāhanga matua pērā i ngā tāpahi whakakaha, he whakamātau hoki i te wā pīroiroi ake e āki ai te nui ake o te whakaurunga. Ko te chrome pāmahana, he kōwhiringa iti ake te utu i te pāmahana beryllium, e whai ana i te pāmahana pāpaku, engari he iti ake te kaha. Ko te tikanga, he tōmua ana ki ngā whakamahinga kāore i te kiri, i ngā wāhi e iti ake ana ngā here ki te taraiwa, e whai ana i tētahi huarahi iti ake te utu ki ērā wāhi whakamahinga.

Nga Karaiti me nga Ratapu: Te Ora Ora mo nga Hiahia Whakapāpaku

Mō ngā taraiwa kiri kaha rawa atu - pērā i te naylon hāpai hiriwai, i ngā pāpaku hāpai rānei - e tere ana te whakapai i ētahi atu taraiwa, tungsten Carbide me ngā ratapu zirconia whakarato kaha e kore e ngaro. Ko te tungsten carbide, me tana pāmahana tino teke, e roa ake ai te ora i te hinu ki ngā tikanga whakapāhunu, nō reira he tino pai mō ngā wāhanga pērā i ngā karihi torehuruhuru, i ngā karu whakaputangia rānei i te whakaputa wāhanga hōiho, kei hea pea ngā torehuruhuru e āpiti ana i te māmā ōrite me te whakapāhunu.

Heoi anō, he nui ngā utu o ēnei rawa. Ko te tungsten carbide he nui ake te utu i te hinu, ko ngā rīwai anō hoki me ngā tikanga hanga motuhake e hāere ai i ā rātou utu. Anō hoki, he ngoikera, nā reira ka piki ake te raru o te popoka i te wā e tū ana, e whakatika ana rānei. Ko tēnei ngoikera anō hoki e herea ai ā rātou whakamahinga ki ngā wāhi e nui ana te āpiti, te pat, te pēke rānei. I te mutunga, ko ngā karaiti me ngā rīwai e herea ana ki ngā whakamahinga tiketike, ki ngā whakamahinga pāmahana, kei hea pea te utu mō te wehenga mai i te torehuruhuru he raru nui, nō reira ka tūhono te nui o te utu tuatahi.

Te Whakauru i te Ora me te Utu: Te Whakamahinga Rautaki o ngā Rawa

Kei te whakapai ake i ngā utu mā te whakamahi i te hoahoa kōpū takitahi , e whai wāhi mai ana i te whakakotahi i ngā taputapu rerekē e hāngai ana ki te aronga o ia wāhanga. Hei tauira, ka taea e tētahi kōpū te whakamahi i te kohatu whakapaku kaha mō te rāranga, kei reira te nuinga o te whakapaku, ā, ko te kohatu kua whakapaku mua mō te papa tāwhai, kei reira he kaha tō te kaha, ā, he iti noa ngā whakapaku. Anō hoki, ka taea te whakauru i ngā āpiti whakakīinga pāpaku ki roto i tētahi kōpū parāihana kia tere ake te whakakīinga me te kore e huri katoa ki ngā karaihe pāpaku utu nui mō te kōpū katoa.

Kei te whakapumau tēnei ara i ngā wāhanga matua e noho ana ki te nuinga o te whakamāmā me te pāpaku e hangaia ana ki ngā tāpapa pūmahara, i te wā e whakamahia ana ngā tāpapa utu iti ake ki te whakaiti i te utu katoa. E whakaae hoki ki ngā kaihanga e māmā ki te rerekētanga o ngā kaha whakaputanga: he mātātā marama anō pea te tīmatanga ki te whakaputanga huarahi mā te hōu, kātā ki te nuinga o te iniana ka neke atu ki te kohatu kia pāmahana ai te roa o te whakaputanga nui. Mā te tītiro tūhono, me te whakakotahi i ngā tāpapa, e āwhina ana i ngā kaihanga kia eke tōtika i waenganui i te roa me te whai pāpaku, i te mutunga kia whakapai ake i te mahi ake o ngā mātātā me te hua moni o ō rātou whakahaerenga.

Hei mutunga, ko te kōwhiri i ngā tāpapa mō ngā wāhanga pāpaku hōu he tātaritanga māmā e hiahiatia ana i ngā take rereke, pērā i te rahi o te whakaputa, te pānga o ngā tāpapa kei te hōu, me ngā hiahia whakakōhui. Ko ngā paraihe kohure e tuku ana i te pātata pai rawa katoa mō te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga, i te wā e whai ana a paraihe kohure, karu, me ngā karaihe he rohe motuhake ki ngā wāhi motuhake. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tāpapa mā te whakamahi i te mahi o te wāhanga me ngā hiahia whakaputa, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakapono ko te roa o te wā ka tūhono ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana, i te wā e penapena ai i te utu—ka whai hua ai te whakapai ake i te mahi me te utu whai hua ki te tāone whakapai pāpaku hōu.